Raw Materials That Are Needed In a Textile Apparel Industry Now A Day

In the Textiles industry raw materials for different section is different. As for example knitting uses yarn as raw materials, fabric processing department uses the knit fabrics, dyes and chemicals. Again yarn processing uses the grey yarn, dyes and chemicals.
Types of Raw Materials: Different types of raw materials are found like 1. Fabric. 2.Yarn. 3.Dye 4. Chemicals.
These raw materials are collected in the form of making complete garments grey fabric or yarn dyeing and in this case the main raw material is fabric and yarn. Fabric is made in the Weaving Industry or any knitting mills.
Different types of yarn are used to knit fabrics like: Cotton, Filament, Polyester Spun, T/C, Viscose, and CVC.
Before making apparel, some grey fabrics are dyed. These are:-

1. Single Jersey: Single and Double Lacoste, Polo Pique, Terry Fleece, Engineering Stripe, Jacquard etc.
2. Single Jersey with Lycra.
3. Double Jersey: Rib, Interlock.
4. Double Jersey with Lycra.
5. Flat Bed: Single Collar and Cuff, Jacquard Collar and Cuff.

Price: Price of grey fabrics depends upon the price of yarn and the making charge of the fabric. For example, in case of 30’s spun cotton yarn, the price of yarn is $3.5/kg and for single jersey fabric the knitting charge is $0.5. So the price of single jersey fabric is $4.0/kg.
Yarn Dyeing: Commonly used dyes in yarn dyeing section: – Amcazol, Bezaktive, Drimarene, Bluton, Disperse, Tiacron, Foron, Imcozin, Teratop, Dianix, Nakalon.
Fabric Dyeing: Commonly used dyes in fabric dyeing section: Reactobond, Remezol, Levafix, Remazol, Tiacron (disperse).
Price of dyes & chemicals: Price of dyes and chemicals depend n the quality, type availability and requirements. For high quality product, better dye and chemical should be used though cost is high.
These are the common raw materials that are being hugely used in Textile Industry now days.

Factors Affecting the Choice of Dyeing Methods in Textile

The following is a list of factors which dictate the choice of conditions under which particular blends might best be dyed:

1. Coloristic effect required. Check is it union, serve, tone-in-tone or what-else? Ask your buyers that what he wants from you and dye the fabric or any other textile materials as per buyer requirements.
2. Colorfastness required of the resultant dyeing. It is worth mentioning that – before starting a dying process in textile you must have to ask your buyer that, what type of colorfastness property he/she wants. Use grayscale to measure the colorfastness of the sample that you have dyed and let the buyers informed about it.
3. Suitability of the dyeing for subsequent finishing processes. Finishing is the crucial point to consider. Every dyeing process might have different finishing process. Check what kind of finish you can serve.
4. Compatibility of dyes from different application categories with one another. Blended fiber or Blend textile requires particular and fiber specific dyes to be properly dyed. It is seen that; if you use usual dyestuff to make a blended fiber or blended fabic dyed, then some parts of that fabric has been dyed and some other parts haven’t been dyed.
5. Availability of particular types of batch, semi-continuous and continuous dyeing equipment. If you don’t have the required instruments, materials, dyes and batches; how would you dye? So, check and dye the fabric or fiber if all of the required instruments and materials are available.
6. Cost of the dyes and chemicals involved. It does totally depend on the buyers and on the services you give. If your buyers want a blended dyeing with good color fastness and good conditioned; then you might have to rush to buy good chemical and good dyes. And most importantly; good services mean producing good product by using good materials. So it varies the cost.
7. Economics of the overall process. The last thing one must have to consider; which is Money. How about your budget? How much money do you want to spend to dye these fabrics or fibers?

Some or all of these points should be involved in any decision to proceed with a particular method of dyeing a given blend.

Textile Classes According To It’s Manufacturing Processing Methods

The whole textile processing; from the fibre to garment are classified in several segments. The classes are 1. Spinning 2. Weaving or Knitting 3. Dyeing or Printing 4. Finishing 5. Garments or Apparels.

The short descriptions of Textile Classes:

Spinning:

It is very initial process amongst the Textile Classes. In spinning section fibre are processed in order to make yarn. Several spinning machines are used here to make a fibre to yarn completely.

Weaving or Knitting:

Two types of fabric are produced in Textile. One is Woven Fabric, another is Knit Fabric. Woven fabric is produced by looms with the interlacement of warp and weft yarns. In knitting section the knit fabric are produced with the loops of yarns. Loops of yarns are bound together by passing one series of loop through other series of loops and form the fabric. Textile Knitting follows some knit structure.

Dyeing or Printing:

Textile Dyeing is a process where the fabric is dyed by different dyestuff mixing with water and other chemicals in a certain temperature. It is the main part of textile classes in the basis of textile trade issue. On the other hand, Printing is done by following a pre-determined design and printing paste is used here. Thickener or gum or printing rubber gum are used to fix the print paste on the fabric according to design.

Finishing:

Finishing is one of the important classes of textiles, where all of the textile processes holds the good appearance. Mercerization, Calendaring and done here.

Garments or Apparels:

After getting a woven or knit fabric it is the time to make the fabric to be wearable. Garments section takes the responsibility to do this. In apparel section the fabric is cut according to marker, pattern and then sewed.

Water Hardness factor while dyeing fabric or textile yarn

Water Hardness factor while dyeing fabric or textile yarn is discussed below:
Hard Water
The presence of calcium, magnesium, salt i.e. bicarbonates, sulphate, chlorides in water is called hardness of water. The water which contains these slats is called hard water.
Hard water is not suitable for textile dyeing. Why the hard water is not suitable for dyeing I will tell it you now. Just keep reading this article.
Hard water does not easily form lather with soap as the salt of Ca and Mg react with soap to form insoluble organic salts. So it creates problem during scouring before dyeing fabric or yarn.
Here the reaction is –
CaSo4 + 2RCooNa = (Rcoo)2 Ca + Na2So4
MgSo4 + 2RCooNa = ( RCoo)2 Mg + Na2So4

Classification of Hard Water:
1. Temporary Hardness: Temporary hardness is due to the presence of bi-carbonates of Ca & Mg. Co2 is normally present in natural water. Thus Ca(HCO3), Mg(HCO3)2 formation is done. Separation of CaCO3 is performed easily by boiling.
Ca(HCO3)2—–CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ( If heated)
MgCO3 + H2O— Mg(OH)2 + CO2 [ CaCO3 + Mg ( OH)2 ] ( if heated)
2. Permanent Hardness: It is due to the presence of chlorides or sulphate of Ca & Mg. These salts do not decompose on boiling. So lather is formed after sufficient addition of soap.
C17H35COONa + CaSO4 – (C17H35Coo)2Ca + Na2So4
Effects of Hardness on Dyeing or other textile process:
- Insoluble soap deposition during scouring creates discolored patches.
 Spots impervious to dye liquor, finally un-uniform dyeing is occurred.

Process Flow-Chart of Wet Processing Technology | Dyeing Flowchart

The way a fabric is dyed is called process flowchart of wet processing technology. Actually some of the steps of a dyeing process can be removed or added as per buyer requirement. Suppose your buyer wants the more precised dyed fabric; so in this fact you should mercerize your fabric during the dyeing pre-treatment process. Basically if the buyer don’t want that so called particular fabric there is no need to mercerize your fabric.
The dyeing or wet processing flow chart is given below.

Before dyeing a fabric or yarn some pre-treatment and after treatment is needed. A flowchart is drawn here by combining these:

Grey Fabric Inspection
↓
Sewing or Stitching
↓
Singeing
↓
Desizing
↓
Scouring
↓
Bleaching
↓
Mercerizing
↓
Dyeing
↓
Printing
↓
Finishing
↓
Final Inspection
↓

Delivery
This is the most widely used wet processing flow-chart on the contemporary textile industry. But sometimes on some factories the scouring and bleaching is done simultaneously. Here is a brief description of every process steps i have mentioned in above Dyeing flowchart:-
Gray Fabric Inspection: In this step all of the gray and already colored fabric is separated. Mainly we will work with the gray fabric is to make this colored in our next process.
Sewing or Stitching: If the fabrics are in part or in separate segments; then we have to bring these all together by stitching or sewing.
Singeing: Singeing is the process to remove or burn the protruding fibers over the cloth. While weaving a fabric; some protruding fibers is created at the surface of the fabric and we should remove these short fibers before further dyeing processing.
Desizing: At the beaming section of making a Fabric we uses various starch and sizes to make the warp yarn more stronger. But while we planned to make this fabric colored we have to remove the applied starch and sizes as it might causes negative reaction with colors and chemicals.
Scouring: The main objective of Scouring process of wet processing technology is to polish the fabric service by rubbing it hard or cleaning the surface and brighten it.
Bleaching: Bleaching process is one of the crucial process of Dyeing as it helps to gray fabric brighter than usual.
Mercerizing: Mercerizing is a costly process but due to buyer requirements we might have to give the fabric extra luster and brighter appearance.
Dyeing: After mercerizing the cotton or fabrics; this is the time to apply dye along with chemicals. Dyeing process is a broad topic and it is discussed in another category of this textile blog.
Printing: While dyeing is conducted to put color in all over the body of the fabric; Printing is done in a specific zone of the fabric. A specified design is created on the fabric surface before printing application is manipulated.
Finishing: In the finishing department of this Wet processing Flowchart; the faults of fabrics, faults of dyeing is to be monitored and possible spots is to be fixed.
Final Inspection: After dyeing a fabric it is to be finally monitored and rechecked.
Dispatch or Delivery: This is the last sector of Deying department and in this stage the dyed fabrics is to be exported or sent to the buyers.

Organ Gram Of Dyeing And Finishing Textile Industry

Dyeing and finishing are the combined section of textile industry. This dyeing and finishing industry could be based on Yarn, Knitted or Woven fabrics. Generally, finishing is done after dyeing process. After finishing, materials are sending to garments or printing section for further operation. In every organization there have a managerial system which control the whole process. There have various sections in an industry. Every section is related to the production and its assistance.

Organ gram Of Dyeing and Finishing Textile Industry: The dyeing and finishing textile industry is run by the following managerial system.

Chairman

↓

Managing Director (MD)

↓

Executive Director (ED)

↓

Director (Production/ Finance)

↓

General Manager (GM)

↓

Deputy General Manager (DGM)

↓

Assistant General Manager (AGM)

↓

Manager (Dyeing/Finishing)

↓

Assistant Manager (Dyeing/Finishing)

↓

Senior Production Officer (SPO)

↓

Production Officer (PO)

↓

Assistant Production Officer (APO)

↓

Dyeing Master

↓

Shift In – Charge

↓

Floor In – Charge

↓

Supervisor

↓

Operator

↓

Helper

Above managerial system is must for better management. But it is very rear because all of the industries are not same in volume and not interested to main all of the class of the managerial system. For this reason, some part of the managerial system could be absent.

So, if anyone wants to get better production he or she should have to maintain the above managerial system.

Dyeing & Printing || Differences Between Dyeing And Printing

Dyeing and printing are the two major wet processing techniques for coloration of fabric. In the dyeing process; only one color is produced but in the printing process; various types of colored design are produced on the fabric surface. Dyeing is done on grey fabric but printing could be done on both pre-treated fabric and colored fabric.

Difference Between Dyeing And Printing: There is a lot of difference between dyeing and printing process. Here, I have mentioned some major difference between dyeing and printing.

Dyeing	Printing
1. By the dyeing process, dyes are applied on the whole fabric equally.	1. By the printing process, dyes are applied on the fabric localizedly to produce desired design.
2. Fabric, yarn and fibers are dyed by dyeing.	2. Generally printing is done on fabric.
3. In a dyeing process, dyes are applied on the both sides of the fabric.	3. Dyes are applied on olnly one side of the fabric.
4. No precise design is required for dyeing.	4. Design is must for printing.
5. In a dyeing process, only one dye is used.	5. In a printing process, one or more dye is used.
6. Precise temperature is required for dyeing.	6. In printing, it is not necessary to maintain precise temperature.
7. Thickener is not required for dyeing.	7. Thickener is must for printing paste preparation.
8. The density of dye solution is less than the density of printing paste.	8. In printing, the density of printing paste is higher than dye solution density.
9. Huge amount of water is required for dyeing.	9. Small amount of water is required for printing.
10. Steaming or curing is not necessary for dyeing.	10. Steaming or curing is must for printing to fix the dyes or pigments on the surface of the fabric.
11. Dyeing is comparatively cheaper than printing.	11. Printing is costly than dyeing.
12. Dyed fabrics are soft.	12. Printed fabrics are hard and harsh.

Disperse Dyes | Properties Of Disperse Dye

Disperse dyes are synthetic dyes. Disperse dye is one kind of organic substances which is free of ionizing group. Disperse dyes are less soluble in water and used for dyeing synthetic textile materials. Disperse dyes is mainly used for dyeing polyester yarn of fabric. in the other hand, Reactive dyes are used for coloring cotton or cellulosic fiber.



A question could be appear in your mind that why this dye is called disperse dyes? It has a simple answer. Disperse dye is so called because it is non soluble and molecularly dispersed therefore dispersing agent is necessary for coloration with disperse dyes.

Properties of Disperse Dyes:

• Disperse dye is one kind of organic substances which is free of ionizing group.


• Disperse dye is non-soluble in nature.


• Disperse dye is insoluble in water.


• Dispersing agent is needed for dyeing with disperse dyes.


• Fastness properties specially wet and light fastness is good to excellent.


• Disperse dyes are applied in acidic condition.


• Disperse dyes are widely used for dyeing synthetic fibers. Polyester fiber is dyed by disperse dyes but nylon, acrylic also can be dyed with this.


• Disperse dyes dyeing is carried out in high temperature.


• In some case carrier method is applied for dyeing of polyester with disperse dyes


• Disperse dyes are economical.


• Molecular size of disperse dyes are smaller than other dyes.


• Disperse dyes are derivatives of azo, anthroquinone, nitro and quinine groups.

Disperse dyes dyeing is carried out in high temperature for this reason dyeing machine should have the capability of serving this process.

Different dyes manufacturing companies manufacture disperse dyes. Choose your color brand on which you can trust for better dyeing.

Process Flow Chart OF Cotton Knit Dyeing | Batching To Finishing

Dyeing process is carried out with the help of dyes and chemicals. Different types are used for dyeing knit fabric. Cotton dyeing is the most important dyeing operation among all of the dyeing process. From spinning to garments finished goods, a line of process is maintained.



Cotton fiber and its generated finished goods are more comfortable than other fibers products. Cotton knit fabric dyeing is carried out as the following flow chart:

Fabric receiving

↓

Fabric inspection

↓

Batching

↓

Demineralization

↓

Scouring

↓

Bleaching

↓

Per-Oxide kills Wash

↓

Neutralization

↓

Dyeing

↓

Neutralization after dyeing

↓

Softening

↓

Fixing

↓

De watering / Squeezing

↓

Drying

↓

Stentering / Compacting

↓

Final Inspection

Here I have given the full wet processing techniques of knit dyeing. Pre treatment, dyeing, after treatment and finishing process are expressed combinedly.

So, let proceed the knit dyeing as per flow chart which is expressed in above.

Responsibilities Of A Textile Production Officer In Dyeing Floor | Activities Of A Textile Engineer

A strong managerial system is needed for controlling the dyeing process in a dyeing floor. In dyeing process experience is the vital point for getting the success. Experienced team work can bring the desired production in the production floor. We know that; dyeing is the most critical section and shade machine is important for satisfied the buyer. During dyeing various parameters are controlled. If any of one are hampered that cause various dyeing fault which can be the cause of fabric rejection.



In dyeing floor production officer plays an important role during dyeing operation. Following activities are done by the production officer:

• To plan, execute and follow up the production activities and control the quality production with related activities.


• Overall supervision of dyeing and finishing.


• To issue dyes and chemicals and check out it.


• To make program, sample checking and color measurement.


• To control the supervisor’s, operators and helper’s.


• To give dye line or the program slip according to daily production plan, batch preparation and P^H check.


• To check daily production report.


• To rectify the finished fabrics which are rejected from quality control department.


• To study dye and chemicals nature which is delivered by the manufacturers and applied them correctly to the production to get best production?


• At last, Production officer reports about the production activities to the senior production officer.

A production officer should have deep knowledge about the different section of textile processing. In dyeing, he or she should have idea about the dyes and chemical properties and scope of application in dyeing. Also he should have knowledge about dyeing Machine.

So, Production Officer is the name of a responsible and respective person in dyeing floor.

 

Process Flow Chart Of Yarn Dyeing Floor | Production Procedure Of Yarn Dyeing

Yarn dyeing is the special type of dyeing process. Yarns are dyed in package form or hank form by yarn dyeing process. It is slightly difference from woven or knit dyeing. Dyed yarns are used for making stripe knit or woven fabrics or solid dyed yarn fabric or in sweater manufacturing.



 

The process flow chart of yarn dyeing in a yarn dyeing floor is given below:

Soft Winding

↓

Batching

↓

Yarn dyeing in package form

↓

Hydro Extractor

↓

Dryer

↓

Random Section (Re winding section)

↓

Packing and Delivery

Now I like to give short idea about each section of the dyeing floor.

Soft Winding: It is the first steps of yarn dyeing. In this section yarns are transferred from paper cone to plastic tube or steel tube for facilities the yarn dyeing process. Without this process it is not possible to accelerate package yarn dyeing. Different parameters are maintained during re winding of yarn.

Batching: In batching section; yarns are batched according to their count, lot, yarn type and others. A batch card is formed which contain the essential information of that batch.

Dyeing: In dyeing section; dyeing is done according to the approved sample dyeing recipe. Different parameter is maintained during dyeing. When dyed yarn shade is matched with the approved sample than is take out from the dyeing bath.

Hydro Extractor: In this section excess water of the yarn is removed. After that yarn package are sent to the dryer.

Dryer: Dryer is used for remove remaining water of the dyed yarn.

Random section: In this section dyed and dried yarns are transfer from plastic tube or steel tube. During re winding, finishing materials are applied to the yarn.

Packing and Delivery: After passing random section, dyed yarns are checked by the quality officer. After passing the quality, yarns are packed. After packing, yarns are ready for delivery.

So, above all are about the activities in a yarn dyeing floor.

Process Flow Chart of Dyeing Textile Materials | Basic Structure of Wet Processing Technology

Wet processing technology and its uses are huge in textile sector. Dyeing process for different textile materials could be different but its basic idea is same for all. For all types of dyeing pre-treatment is must for removing unwanted materials from textile materials. Pre-treatment style differs for the shade of dyed materials. Shade may be light or deep. Also these pre-treatment depends on buyer’s requirement. After pre-treatment textile materials are ready for dyeing. After dyeing after-treatment is necessary for get the final finished products. At last, that’s product becomes ready to use. This sequence can be expressed by a flow chart.



Basic Flow chart of dyeing textile materials is like the followings:

Grey Textile Materials (Fiber, Yarn or fabric)

↓

Singeing

↓

Desizing

↓

Scouring

↓

Bleaching

↓

Mercerizing

↓

DYEING/PRINTING

↓

Finishing

↓

Marketing

Now I like to discuss shortly about the different terms of the flow chat. Here, grey textile materials are fiber, yarn or fabric which is also consider as the raw materials for dyeing.

Singeing is the first steps of pre-treatment. The process by which loose, hairy and projecting fibers are removed is called Singeing.

Desizing is the second steps of pre-treatment. By this process gummy materials are removed. Also size materials removed by this process.

Scouring is the third steps of pre-treatment. This process is performed for removing impurities of the textile materials.

Bleaching is another important step which is used to reduce natural color of the raw materials. Dyeing performance depends on it much more.

Mercerizing is the special types of treatment. It performs if buyer wants. It is an additional treatment. It increases the strength and luster of the materials.

Dyeing is the main process where a white material becomes decorated by different colors. We have to know about the depth of shade of the materials.

Printing is called as localized dyeing. Different types of printing are done for giving special appearance on colored or white fabric.

Finishing is the last treatment of wet processing. Different types of properties can be added to the materials by different finishing effects.

Marketing is our main goal. Say, if we done everything but there have no buyer then everything is waste. So we should have a strong marketing department.

So, all of this is about flow chart of Dyeing.

 

Mercerizing of cotton fabric || Methods of Mercerizing Process

Mercerizing is done after bleaching operation. Bleaching is enough for prepared the fabrics for dyeing and printing but mercerizing is done for adding some advantage to the fabric. Luster and strength of the fabric increases for mercerizing process. Cotton mercerizing is the most popular operation.



Mercerizing of cotton is done in three basic stages of materials. They are as:

• Yarn stage

1. Hank form


2. Package form


3. Beam form

• Fabric stage

1. White fabric


2. Woven fabric


3. Knitted fabric

• Dyed fabric stage

Methods of application: Yarn or fabric can be mercerized by J-Box. Mercerizing is a continuous process. At first fabric is hanked by the roller in a J-Box. Fabric is passed through a solution which contains 23% NaOH at room temperature. Fabric is passed for 4-5 minutes. Then fabric is squeezed by the squeezed roller and washing is done in a bath at 85 degree Celsius. Then it also immersed in an acid solution bath which contain 5% CH₃COOH. After that is washed in another bath at 85 degree Celsius. By this way we can get a mercerized fabric.

For white finished goods, mercerizing is done by the following sequence:

Fabric after scouring and bleaching process

↓

Padding in alkaline liquor

↓

Washing

↓

Neutralization in acid solution

↓

Washing

↓

Drying

A marketable fabric can be produced by different way. But day by day man wants to wear that’s type of fabric which has all possible facilities. Mercerizing is done in different types of machine. Generally mercerizing is done in dyeing machine. Yarn and Fabric Mercerizing is near similar.

Different well known buyer wants to get mercerized products. They strictly follow the qualities of product. After mercerizing fabrics become more suitable for dyeing or printing or for white goods it ready for delivery to buyer.

Mercerizing | Definition-Mechanism and effects of Mercerizing

Mercerizing is one of part of wet processing technology. Mercerizing is the special type of treatment. Mercerizing is done for get some special properties of the textile materials. By the mercerizing process the physical properties of the material changes. After scouring and bleaching process, mercerization is done.

 



 

Mercerizing is the process of subjecting a vegetable fiber to the action of a fairly concentrated solution of a strong base (Sodium hydroxide 50-70 deg Tw and 18 degree Celsius temperature) so as to produce great swelling with resultant changes in the fiber structure, dimensions, morphology and mechanical properties.

Mechanism of Mercerizing: We know that fiber cell structure is different from one to another. Some cell structure is triangular, some are oval, some are hexagonal, and some are zigzag and many more. When light falls on that cell it reflects the light as per its cell structure. Sometime this reflection is regular, some time it is not. It affects the luster of the fabric surface. For getting a regular reflection from the fiber it pass through a process called mercerizing process.

By mercerizing process the strength of the fiber increases up to 20-30%. Cotton fiber’s shape become round when it shrink in the solution of caustic soda (NaOH). The lumen becomes small and the cell wall become greater for this reason, strength of the fiber increased. The surface of the fabric become fine and light reflects on it constantly; so the luster of the fabric increase, the swelling power of the fiber also increase. Generally low twisted yarn is suitable for mercerizing. Mercerized fabric is more suitable for dyeing and printing than the bleached fabric.

Effects of mercerizing: Different types of changes are occurred for mercerizing in the cotton fabric. Following changes are the most important:

1. Shrinkage in the area of the fabric.


2. Tensile strength of the fabric increases.


3. Fabric luster also increases.


4. Hygroscopicity of the fabric increases.


5. Capability for absorbing dyes increases.


6. Preferential absorption of sodium hydroxide during the treatment.


7.  Mercerizing increased action of lower temperature.


8. Possible compound formation soda cellulose.

Luster of the fabric is the most vital point. Attraction of the fabric depends on the luster of the fabric. Luster of fabric depends on various factors. They are as follows:

1. Cross-section of the fiber.


2. Staple length of the fiber.


3. Wall thickness of the fiber.


4. Concentration of Sodium hydroxide.


5. Temperature of the mercerizing solution.


6. Percent stretch.


7. Yarn construction.


8. Yarn twist.


9. Doubling of yarn.


10. Degree of singeing.


11. Application of tension.


12. Rate of drying.

Mercerizing increases the luster and strength of the fabric. Generally mercerizing is done for cotton. Mercerizing depends on the requirement of buyer. The price of the mercerized fabric is higher than bleached fabric.

Bleaching Agents || Applicability and Application Methods of Bleaching Agents

Bleaching is the most important part of wet processing. Bleaching is done for removing natural color of the textile materials. During pre treatment of the textile materials different parameter is maintained strictly. Bleaching is done by different types of bleaching agents.


Bleaching agents are applied on different types of fiber. Textile fiber may be natural or synthetic. Depending on fiber types bleaching agents also differ. Bleaching agents mainly classified as the follows:

• Oxidizing Agents

1. Ozone (O₃)


2. Bleaching Powder


3. Hydrogen Per Oxide (H₂O₂)


4. Sodium Hypochloride (NaOcl)


5. Sodium Chlorite (NaclO₂)


6. Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇)


7. Potassium Permanganate (KmnO₄)


8. Per Acetic Acid (CH₃COOH)


9. Sodium Per Oxide (Na₂O₂)


10. ETC

It is mentioned that;

Above no. 1 and 2 agent uses for home purpose.

Above no.3, 4 and 5 agent uses for industrial purpose.

Above no. 6, 7, 8 and 9 agent uses for washing purpose.

• Reducing Agent

1. Ferrose Sulphate (FeSO₄)


2. Zinc Dust (ZnO)


3. Stannous Chloride (SnCl₂)


4. Sulpher Dioxide (SO₂)


5. Sodium Hypo Sulphite (Na₂S₂O₂)


6. Glucose


7. Hydrogen Sulphide (H₂S)


8. ETC

Bleaching agents have different applicability depending on fiber types.

Different types of bleaching agents use on different fibers. Among all of the bleaching agents hydrogen per oxide is called universal bleaching agent. There have some reasons behind this specialty. They are as follows:

• Hydrogen per oxide is a very gentle bleaching agent.


• It is very easy for application.


• Permanent treatment is possible with hydrogen per oxide.


• It is easy to apply with any types of fiber.

Bleaching agents are applying on fiber by two processes. They are:

• Discontinuous or Semi-continuous process: In this method bleaching agent apply on fiber discontinuously or semi continuously. Bleaching tank, Jigger, Padder, Kier and many others use for treatment with bleaching agent.


• Continuous process: In this process bleaching treatment is performed as per sequence of treatment. J-Box use for continuous process.

During bleaching; following points must be considered for get better performance:

1. Bleaching Agent


2. Wetting Agent


3. Sequestering Agent


4. Stabilizer


5. Alkali


6. Materials and Liquor ratio


7. Temperature


8. Application time

Different types of machine manufacturing company manufacture this type of machine. Machine should have enough properties which is required for performing the operation.

Anyhow, when we will select the chemicals we have to ensure the chemical properties, which is required. Well known chemical manufacturing companies also supply the guide line of chemical use. We will use right bleaching agent for right fiber.

Dyeing Machineries | Machineries Used For Different Dyeing Process

We know that; dyeing is a process of coloring textile materials to give a nice outlook of grey textile materials. By the reaction between dye solution and textile materials it becomes colorful. Dyeing is done in a dye bath where dye solution is made. Different types of material are dyed in different dye bath. Dyeing process varies depending on materials type.


In ancient times dyeing was done in an open bath but day by day this process is improving by the research of scientist. Now dyeing is done more efficiently than ancient times. Now man can do as he will. Different types of modern equipment are used to dye the materials. Depending on materials type following machineries is used:

• Fibre dyeing Machine: These types of machineries are used to dye fibre. Natural and man-made/synthetic materials can be dyed by these machineries. Generally fibre dyeing is done less than yarn or fabric dyeing. But dyeing action is more effective than yarn or fabric dyeing. Here fibre molecules are well dyed.


• Yarn dyeing machine:  Yarn dyeing is another dyeing process. Generally yarn dyeing is done for special purpose; like to make designed textile materials. Three types of processing machineries are available for yarn dyeing. They are:

1. Hank dyeing machine: This machine use to dye yarn in hank form. Sewing thread is dyed by this process.


2. Package dyeing machine: This dyeing machine use to dye the yarn in package form.


3. Beam dyeing machine: Here yarn is dyed in beam form.

• Fabric dyeing machine: Fabric dyeing is the most important sector in dyeing area. Different types of fabric are dyed by these machineries. Fabrics may be woven, non-woven or knitted. However following machineries is used for fabric dyeing:

1. Jigger dyeing machine: This machine use to dye woven fabric.


2. Winch dyeing machine: In this machine both woven and knitted fabrics are dyed. Specially knit dyeing is done by this machine.


3. Jet dyeing machine: Knitted and woven fabric can be dyed by this machine.

• Garments dyeing machine: Garments dyeing machine is used to give special effect on apparels.

Dyeing machine bears an important factor in dyeing. If the dyeing machine has not enough properties of carrying dyeing process than it can be harmful. So, before selecting a dyeing machine following points should be in mind:

• The dyeing machine should provide sufficient movement of the liquor to penetrate uniformly into every parts of the textle materials.


• The machine must be constructed of a material which will withstand prolong boiling with acid or alkali.


• There must have some facility of adding concentrated dye solution in such a way that it becomes well distributed before it comes into contact with textile materials.


• The heating arrangement must be such that a comparatively uniform temperature will be maintained throughout the liquor.


• All moving parts and electric motors should be protected against the corrosive action of steam and acidic atmospheric condition.


• The machine should have possible outlet and water inlet valves.


• The machines should have some automatic temperature control device.


• The machine should have the facility of auto programming system.

So, dyeing machine has an importance in dyeing department. Before choosing a dyeing machine one should consider the above points. Different types of dyeing machine manufacturing companies offer different types of dyeing machine which have all latest facilities.

At last not least, choose your desire one depending on your demand.