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Properties And Uses Of Basalt Fiber And Micro Fiber

Basalt fiber and microfiber are the most important fiber for technical textile manufacturing. In the modern times, various types of high performance textiles are made from this fiber.

Properties of Basalt Fiber: Basalt fiber is a high performance inorganic textile fiber. Followings are the characteristics of basalt fiber.


  1. Basalt fiber has high tensile strength.

  2. It has better elongation properties.

  3. It has high tearing strength.

  4. Mostly, it has better physic mechanical properties than glass fiber.

  5. It is cheaper than glass fiber.


Uses of Basalt Fiber: The basalt fiber is used in the following area.

  • Basalt fiber can be used as composite materials.

  • It is used as tripods.


Properties of Micro Fiber: Micro fiber is an ultra fine fiber. Followings are the characteristics of micro fiber.

  1. The count of micro fiber is less than 1 denier.

  2. Nylon, Polyester, Acrylic can be used for made this micro fiber.


Uses of Micro Fiber: Various types of wants a fulfill by using microfiber. They are-

  • Micro fiber can be used for making water proof fabric or clothing.

  • This fiber is used as fire proof fabric.

  • It is used in windy seasons as well as cold season.


Besides these two fibers, I want to mention carbon fiber which is mostly used in technical textile manufacturing. Carbon fiber or graphite fiber is a material consisting of extremely thin fibers (0.005 – 0.010mm) in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms.

So, when we will do work with technical textile manufacturing, we should take in mind this properties of technical textile fiber.

Hi-Tech Fibers || Top Technical Fibers For Technical Textiles

Hi-tech textile fibers are mostly re generated with high physical and chemical properties. We know about various natural and manmade fibers which are used in conventional textile manufacturing. In the modern times, technical textiles are made from the various types of hi-tech textile fiber. That’s technical fibers are made from synthetic fiber by the modification process. In this regards, I can give an example of technical fiber which is used for making an aircraft. The aircraft is known as “Dream liner” Premier of the Boeing 787, started in July 7, 2007. This aircraft is achieved through breaking application of carbon fiber technology. That was the most advanced passenger aircraft ever, quieter, pressenger friendly and environmental friendly.

Top Technical Fibers for Technical Textiles: Technical fibers are used for manufacturing technical yarn. Fibers which are used for technical textile manufacturing are listed below.


  1. Conventional fibers like cotton are used for technical textile manufacturing.

  2. Regenerated fibers, synthetic fibers like Viscose Rayon, Polyester, and Nylon.

  3. High strength and high modulus organic fibers like Carbon fiber.

  4. High chemical and combustion resistant organic fiber like cotton fiber.

  5. High performance inorganic fibers like Glass fiber, Basalt fiber.

  6. Ultra fine and novelty fibers like Micro fiber.


I have written about the application area of technical textiles in our modern life in one of my previous articles. So, technical fiber has a great importance in technical textile manufacturing process.

Physical And Chemical Properties Of Carbon Fiber

Carbon fiber is a important textile fiber. Carbon fiber is the oldest types of manmade fiber. At first, Carbon fiber was invented in 1850. Carbon fiber was used as the filament of lamp in 1880. It was continued up to 1907. Carbon is insoluble all the time. In the modern times, carbon fiber is used in cover of aircraft, space rocket. Carbon is also used for non-flame able cloth manufacturing.



Physical Properties of Carbon Fiber: The physical properties of carbon fiber are given below.


  1. Tenacity:  1.8 – 2.4 (KN/mm2 )

  2. Density:  1.95 gm/c.c

  3. Elongation at break: 0.5%

  4. Elasticity: Not good

  5. Moisture Regain (MR%): 0%

  6. Resiliency: Not Good

  7. Ability to protest friction: Good

  8. Color: Black

  9. Ability to protest Heat: Good

  10. Lusture: Like silky


Chemical Properties of Carbon Fiber: The chemical properties of carbon fiber are given below. They are as:

  1. Effect of bleaching: Sodium Hypochlorite slightly oxidized carbon fiber.

  2. Effect of Sun Light: Do not change carbon fiber.

  3. Protection against flame: Excellent

  4. Protection ability against insects: Do not harm to carbon fiber.


That’s all about physical and chemical properties of carbon fiber.

Grading Of Cotton Fiber || Selection Of Cotton Fiber

Cotton fibers grading is done depending on their physical characteristics such as length, strength, fineness, maturity, trash content etc. This classification is called grading of fiber.

Cotton fibers grading is depend on the trash content of the cotton fiber. Except fiber, other impurities and dust such as broken leaf, broken seeds piece are called trash of the cotton. If one wants to produce good qualified yarn he needs to remove all trash and short fiber from the cotton fiber. So, it is required to know the quantity of trash in the cotton. To measure the trash content in the fiber an instrument is used called Shirley Analyser.

Grading Of Cotton Fiber: Cotton plant is cultivated in most of the countries of the world. The characteristics of the cotton fiber is not same, it varies on climate, weather, cultivating system, harvesting system and others. Here, I have present some grading system of some countries by which they grade their cotton.

Grading of US Cotton: This grading is done from upper quality to lower quality.

Middle Fair


↓


Strict Good Middling


↓


Good Middling


↓


Strict Middling


↓


Middling


↓


Strict Low Middling


↓


Low Middling


↓


Strict Good Ordinary


↓


Good Ordinary


Grading of Egyptian Cotton: This cotton grading is done from upper level to lower level.

Extra Fine


↓


Fine


↓


Fully Good


↓


Good


↓


Fully Good Fair


↓


Good Fair


↓


Fair


Grading Of Indian Cotton: This grading is done from upper grade to lower grade.

Super Choice


↓


Choice


↓


Extra Super Fine


↓


Super Fine


↓


Fine


↓


Fully Good


↓


Good


↓


Fully Good Fair


Above grading is most used grading system and most of the countries follow above grading. It is noted that, Pakistan and Bangladesh also follow grading of US for grading cotton.

So, when you will import cotton from other countries, you have to ensure the correct grades of the cotton.

Difference Between Natural Fiber And Synthetic Fiber

Textile fibers are used for making various types of textile products. There are various types of textile fibers are found in the market. Some are natural and some are synthetic fiber. They have different physical and chemical properties and they are different in chemical composition.

Difference Between Natural Fiber And Synthetic Fiber: Difference between natural and synthetic fibers is given below.
































































































Natural FiberSynthetic Fiber
1.All of the natural fiber comes from nature.1.Synthetic fibers are completely man made.
2.Length of the fiber is nature given.2.Length of the fiber is controlled by man.
3.Fibers are found in staple or filament form.3.It is found in filament form but sometimes it could be converted into staple or cut length.
4.Some short staple fibers are found with long staple fiber.4.No question about short or long staple fiber. It depends on man will.
5.No need to spinneret for spinning process.5.Spinneret is essential for filament production.
6.No spinning process is needed for filament production.6.Melt, Wet or Dry spinning process is needed for filament production.
7.No need of chemical solution for yarn production.7.Chemical solution is essential for yarn production.
8.Natural fabric is comfortable to wear.8.Synthetic textile product is not as comfortable as natural product.
9.Dust and impurities could be in natural fiber.9.No dust or impuritites contain in synthetic fiber.
10.It is not possible to change in fiber structure.10.It is easy to change in fiber structure.
11.It grows with its natural color.11.Colors are added in the solution bath as required.
12.It contains natural crimp.12.Crimp is applied on filament after passing spinneret
13.Most of the fibers are hydrophilic in nature.13.Most of the times, they are hydrophobic.
14.It needs to scouring and bleaching process before wet processing.14.Scouring and bleaching is done in very few cases.
15.It is easy to dye the fiber.15.Coloration is not so easy as natural fiber.
16.Most of the cases it becomes ash after burning.16.It becomes melt in burning.
17.After burning, the smell of the fiber is found as hair burn or paper burn.17.After burning,chemical smell is found.
18.Comperatively, the price of natural fiber is higher than synthetic fiber.18.Synthetic fiber is less in value than natural fiber.
19.Natural fiber is called enviroment friendly.19.Syntheic fibers are not environment friendly. Some fibers are harmful for the environment like: Polypropylene.
20.Natural fiber has a great demand as humans wear.20.Synthetic fiber is widely used in every day life except humans wear.
21.Comperatively less durable than synthetic fiber.21.Synthetic fibers are more durable than natural fiber.
22.The use of natural fibers are limited than synthetic fiber.22.Synthetic fibers are used in multi task than natural fiber.

So, compare between natural and synthetic fiber. Decide which is best for your use. I think this will help you to gather all about natural and man'made fiber characteristics.

Merino Wool | Finest Wool Of The World

Merino wool is the best wool among all of the wool. The finest wool is called merino wool.  This wool is collected from the merino sheep. This type of wool is generally produced in Australia, Spain, America, South America, South Africa and Newzeland.



Merino wool is fine, soft, slightly creamy and oily. Merino wool is the softest wool. In merino wool there are about 30 crimps in its body. Wools remain in twist form with one to another for its creamy appearance. For this reason, strong yarn is formed.  This crimp and creamy properties increases its elastic property. The color of the merino wool is white or near white in color. The staple length is about 2 inch to 5 inch.

Merino wool is better in look than other wool. Its finishing is well. All of all it is comfort to use. In the world market, merino wool has popularity. Most of the expensive wool wear is making by merino wool. This type of wool is very sweet able for making baby wear.

Wool is generally used for making sweater. In the modern time, various types of synthetic fiber are made for use as the alternatives of wool but they are not as comfortable as wool fiber. Among all of the manmade fiber, acrylic is used for alternatives of wool by mixing it with other textile fiber.

Although, merino wool is expensive than other textile fiber but its demand is increasing day by day. There are some countries, where sheep is cultivated for the commercial purpose and they earn lots of foreign currency by exporting this wool to other countries.

So, buy merino wool and make your finest textile products by merino wool.

Recovered Wool | All Wool | Virgin Wool | Lamb’s Wool | Hog Wool

Wool fiber has a great reputation for its property. Wool products has a great demand than other textile product although wool fiber is expensive than other fiber.

Recovered Wool: Recovered wool is used wool which has already been made into yarns and fabrics and even worn. Recovered wool of this sort are usually mixed with fleece wool and used for making medium and high quality fabrics. There are several types of recovered wool. Such as-


  1. Shoddy: These types of wool are collected from the simple fabrics.

  2. Mungo: This type of wool is collected from the high quality fabrics.

  3. Extract


The recovered wool is formed by the recycling process. By this way, waste wool products are appearing in new face.

All Wool: All wool is not completely new wool. It may contain a proportion of recovered wool. All wool also used for making decorative products by mixing it with the new wool or by mixing with other fibers.

Virgin Wool: The property of wool also depends on the age of the sheep. The fiber characteristics also depend on the age of the sheep and in which age the wool is collected from the sheep. The completely new wool is called virgin wool.

Lamb’s Wool: The finest wool is collected from young sheep. Lamb’s wool clipped at eight months sheep. This wool is very fine and excellent in quality. Such types of wool have a great demand in the market. The fabric which is made by this wool is very expensive. This type of wool is specially used for making baby wares. This type of wool is also called as fleece wool or first wool.

Hog Wool: When age of the sheep grows up its fiber become thick and stronger than lamb’s wool. When the sheep is in fourteen months olds, the wool is stronger and thicker. This sort of wool is known as hog wool.

Wether Wool: The wool which is collected from the sheep for the second time that is called wether wool. Generally this type of wool is collected from the sheep which is passed fourteen. The quality of this fiber is less than hog wool.

Pulled Wool: This type of fiber is collected from the sheep by applying chemicals on the skin of the sheep.

Dead Wool: This type of wool is collected from the sheep which is already dead. The quality of this wool is very low. Low quality wool product is formed by this wool.

Cotty Wool: The sheep which is growing up in the unhealthy place and the wool which is collected from that’s sheep are called cotty wool.

Taglooks Wool: Discolored wool or short wool is called taglooks wool. Its quality is very low and it is used for produce low quality fabric.

So, there is lots of quality of wool. The price of wool varies on the quality of the wool.

Wool Fiber || Different Qualities And Grades of Wool Fiber

Wool is a natural fiber. It is also called animal fiber because it is come from the skin of different types of sheep. In the world market, wool fiber and its end product has a great demand. Day by day this demand increases rapidly. We know that, wool wear is popular for protecting oneself from the cool weather.



Different Qualities And Grades of Wool Fiber: Sheep is a valuable animal and it is found in the most of the region of the world. Sheep is popular for its valuable fiber which is called wool. Various types of sheep are culture all over the world but all of the fiber is not same in qualities. Depending on the verity, wool fibers are classified in various ways.

Firstly, wool fibers are classified as the follow.


  1. Fine wool (Merino wool)

  2. Medium wool

  3. Long wool

  4. Cross bred wool

  5. Carpet wool


Secondly, wool fibers are classified depending on the fiber length

  1. Noels

  2. Strictly combing

  3. French combing

  4. Clothing

  5. Carpet wool


Thirdly, wool fiber is classified on the age of sheep.

  1. Lamps wool

  2. Hogget wool

  3. Wether wool

  4. Pulled wool

  5. Deed wool

  6. Cotty wool

  7. Taglooks wool


There are various types of wool in the world. So, before importing wool we should be careful about the qualities of wool fiber.

Glass Fiber | Physical And Chemical Properties Of Glass Fiber

Glass fiber is a hard fiber. Its tenacity is so high. It is in second position regarding on tenacity. After cabler aramid, glass fiber is stand on. The production of glass fiber is not so easy. The chemical composition of glass fiber is important to decide because it depends on the final product properties.



Here, I have presented a list of physical and chemical properties of glass fiber. I think this will help you to identify glass fiber from other fibers.

Physical Properties of Glass Fiber:  The physical properties of glass fiber are given below.


  1. Tenacity:  6.3 – 6.9 gm/den

  2. Density: 2.5 gm/c.c

  3. Elongation at break: 3%

  4. Elasticity: Bad

  5. Moisture Regain (MR%): 0%

  6. Resiliency: Excellent

  7. Ability to protest friction: Not good

  8. Color: White or color less

  9. Ability to protest friction: It can protect up to 3150C temperature. It loses energy after passing 3150C

  10. Lusture: Bright to light


Chemical Properties of Glass Fiber: The chemical properties of glass fiber are given below.


    1. Acids: Hydro choric acid and hot phosphoric acid causes harm to the glass fiber.

    2. Basic: It has enough protection ability to alkali.

    3. Effect of bleaching: Bleaching agent does not cause harm to glass fiber.

    4. Organic solvent: It does not change on organic solvents.

    5. Protection ability against mildew: It does not affected by mildew.

    6. Protection ability against insects: Insect does not affect on glass fiber.

    7. Dyes: It is not possible to dye after production. But it could be color before production by adding dye in the solution bath.

    8. Effect of sun light: Sun light does not change the glass fiber properties.



That’s all about glass fiber properties.

Chemical Composition of Glass Fiber Production

Glass fiber is special types of synthetic fiber. It is a very strong fiber. Its tenacity is higher than other fibers. It is heavy in weight. It is generally used in special purpose. Special types of fabric are made by this glass fiber. It is generally use to make flame proof, water proof fabrics or to make the body of sports car and parts of crafts.



Chemical Composition of Glass Fiber: Glass fiber is made by the combination of following chemicals. But this composition could be changed depending on the requirements of the user. The chemical composition of glass fiber is given below.

           Silicon Dioxide : 55%


                   Calcium Oxide : 16 – 25%


                 Aluminium Oxide : 12 – 16%


                      Baron Oxide : 8 – 13%


Sodium and Potassium Oxide: 0 – 1%


               Magnesium Oxide : 0 – 6%


This composition is calculated based on 100%. By blending and mixing all of the above chemicals glass fiber is formed.

Although, glass fiber is not a popular fiber but we should be aware about the glass fiber.

Elastomeric Fiber | Physical And Chemical Properties Of Spandex

Spandex is an elastomeric fiber. This elastomeric is come from elastic and polymer. Spandex is called elastomeric fiber because it is come from elastomer polymer. Spandex is elastic as rubber. Its elasticity property is higher than all of the textile fiber. It could be elastic 5 to 7 times of its original length. But when it release from a turn then it recovers its original length.



Spandex is a 100% synthetic fiber. It is very light in weight. It is used for making different types of light apparel. Especially this fiber is used to produce different types of underwear of women by mixing with cotton or other fiber. Industrially, spandex is called lycra. The amount of Lycra determines the elasticity of that’s apparels.

Physical Properties of Spandex: The physical properties of spandex are given below.


  1. Tenacity: 0.7 gm/den

  2. Density:  1.21 – 1.35 gm/c.c

  3. Elongation at break: 400 – 700%

  4. Elasticity: Excellent

  5. Moisture Regain (MR%): 0.6%

  6. Resiliency:  Very good

  7. Ability to protest friction: Excellent

  8. Color: White or near white

  9. Ability to protest heat: Not good

  10. Lusture: Less bright


Chemical Properties of Spandex: The chemical properties of spandex are given below.

  1. Acids: It has preventive power against all of the acidic action.

  2. Basic: Hot alkali damages the spandex filament.

  3. Effect of bleaching: Bleaching agent damages the fiber and it becomes weak.

  4. Protection ability Organic solvent: Good

  5. Protection ability light: Very good

  6. Protection ability against mildew: Good

  7. Protection ability against insects: It does not affected by insects.

  8. Dyes: Disperse dyes, Acid dye is suitable to dye spandex filament.


Spandex filament is used for produce stretch fabrics. In knit product production, Lycra is a popular word. Spandex is used for increase the elastic property of the fabric. Day by day, the using area of spandex increase rapidly.

So, keep eyes on spandex and try to combine spandex with other fiber to produce suitable textile products.

Polypropylene Fiber | Physical And Chemical Properties Of Polypropylene

Polypropylene is a 100% synthetic textile fiber. It is formed by about 85% propylene. The monomer of polypropylene is propylene. Propylene is a bi-product of petroleum. It is cheap in price than polyester. It is used as the alternatives of plastic. This polypropylene is harmful for the environment. It is not degraded with soil, so it causes harm to the soil. Also it is not decomposed by water for this reason it is used as the rope of ship. Its moisture regain is too much less which is nelegible to count.

Now, I like to present the physical and chemical properties of polypropylene.

Physical Properties of Polypropylene: Polypropylene is a strong fiber. The physical properties of polypropylene are given below.


  1. Tenacity:  3.5 – 8.0 gm/den

  2. Density:  0.91 gm/c.c

  3. Elongation at break: 10 – 45%

  4. Elasticity: Very good

  5. Moisture Regain (MR%): 0%

  6. Resiliency: Good

  7. Melting point: 1700C

  8. Ability to protest friction: Excellent

  9. Color: White

  10. Ability to protest heat: Moderate

  11. Lusture: Bright to light


Chemical Properties of Polypropylene: The chemical properties of polypropylene are given below.

  1. Acids: Acid does not affect on polypropylene. It has excellent protesting ability against acids.

  2. Basic: Basic does not affect on basic.

  3. Effect of bleaching: It has enough ability to prevent the harmful action of bleaching agent under 65oC.

  4. Organic solvent: Organic solvent does not cause harm to polypropylene during action.

  5. Protection ability against light: It loses energy by sunlight.

  6. Protection ability against mildew: Good

  7. Protection ability against insects: It does not affected by insects.

  8. Dyes: Difficult to dye polypropylene because its moisture regain is 0%. But pigment dyeing is possible.


So, polypropylene is a harmful product for the environment. Although it has some application in some special cases but we should ignore it for our environment safety.

Synthetic Fiber | Physical And Chemical Properties Of Acrylic

Acrylic fiber is one of the most used fibers to make textile wear. It is generally used for produce suitable sweater because it is like wool. But the product which is produced by acrylic that is not as comfortable as the natural wool wear.

Acrylic fibers are blend with polyester, cotton and others and it used to produce knitted goods, sweater and blanket. Also, it is used to make sportswear, pile fabrics, carpet and many more.

Physical Properties of Acrylic: Acrylic fiber has some physical properties. Here, I have given some physical properties of acrylic.


  1. Tenacity:  2 – 4.2 gm/den

  2. Density:  1.16 gm/c.c

  3. Elongation at break: 20 to 55%

  4. Elasticity: Good

  5. Moisture Regain (MR%): 1 – 2.5%

  6. Resiliency: Good

  7. Melting point: 2300C

  8. Ability to protest friction: Good

  9. Color: White or grey white

  10. Light reflection ability: Good

  11. Ability to protest heat: It can protest up to 1500C temperature.

  12. Lusture: Bright to light


Chemical Properties of Acrylic: Chemical properties of acrylic fibers are given below.

  1. Acids: Acrylic has enough ability against acidic action.

  2. Basic: Strong alkali damages the fiber.

  3. Effect of bleaching: It is safe to bleach acrylic fiber.

  4. Organic solvent: Organic solvents do not cause harm to the acrylic fiber.

  5. Protection ability against mildew: Excellent

  6. Protection ability against insects: Insect does not affect acrylic fiber.

  7. Dyes: Acid dyes and Basic dyes are suitable to dye acrylic fiber.


Acrylic fibers are widely used in textile industry. So, we have to know lots of about acrylic fiber.

Polyamide Fiber | Physical And Chemical Properties Of Nylon 6

Nylon 6 is an important polyamide. It is a synthetic fiber. It is produced by the polymerization of different organic complex. The production flow chart of nylon 6 will be described in one of the blog. Nylon 6 is a strong fiber and it is used to carry various types of heavy task like nylon 6.6. Generally color of the nylon 6 is white but it could be colorful by adding different dyes in the solution bath before fiber production.

Textile fiber consists of some characteristics. Like other synthetic fiber, nylon 6 has some physical and chemical properties which are described below.

Physical Properties of Nylon 6: Physical properties of nylon are given below.


  1. Tenacity: 6.0 – 8.5 gm/den

  2. Density:  1.14 gm/c.c

  3. Elongation at break: 15 – 45%

  4. Elasticity: Very good

  5. Moisture Regain (MR%): 3.5 - 5%

  6. Resiliency: Good

  7. Melting point: 2150C

  8. Ability to protest friction: Excellent

  9. Color: White

  10. Light reflection ability: Not good.

  11. Ability to protect heat: Up to 1500C

  12. Lusture: Bright to light


Chemical Properties of Nylon 6: Chemical properties of nylon 6 are given below.

  1. Acids: Like nylon 6.6, nylon 6 has not enough ability against acidic action.

  2. Basic: Basic does not cause harm to the nylon 6. Nylon 6 has enough ability against alkali.

  3. Effect of bleaching: Strong oxidizing agent is harmful for the nylon 6.

  4. Organic solvent: It becomes soluble in any dense acid or phenol.

  5. Protection ability against mildew: Mildew cannot cause harm to the nylon 6.

  6. Protection ability against insects: Insects cause harm to the nylon 6.

  7. Dyes: Nylon 6 could be dye by Direct dyes, Acid dyes and vat dyes.


So, that’s all about physical and chemical properties of nylon 6. I think this will help you to identify nylon 6 from other synthetic fibers.

Polyamide Fiber | Physical And Chemical Properties Of Nylon 6.6

Nylon 6.6 is a polyamide fiber. It is one of the important manmade textile fibers among the other synthetic fiber. This fiber is also called as polyamide 6.6. The chemical name of the nylon 6.6 is Polyhexamethylene-Adipamide.

Nylon is the first synthetic fiber of the world. Nylon is a strong fiber. It has enough ability to protect friction. It is generally used for make socks and other textile products. This also used as the rope for bind other things.

Physical Properties of Nylon 6.6: Nylon 6.6 is a strong fiber for this reason it is used for heavy purpose to carry heavy materials. The physical properties of nylon 6.6 are given below.


  1. Tenacity: 4.5 – 8.5 gm/den

  2. Density: 1.14 gm/c.c

  3. Elongation at break: Very good

  4. Elasticity: Very good

  5. Moisture Regain (MR%): 4.0%

  6. Resiliency: Good

  7. Melting point: 2500C

  8. Ability to protest friction: Excellent

  9. Color: White or cream

  10. Light reflection ability: It can protect up to 1500C temperature.

  11. Lusture: Bright to light


Chemical Properties of Nylon 6.6: Nylon 6.6 is not so strong with the chemical action. The chemical properties of nylon 6.6 are given below.

  1. Acids: Nylon 6.6 is not stable with the acidic action.

  2. Basic: nylon 6.6 has enough ability to protect the action of alkali.

  3. Effect of bleaching: Strong oxidizing agent causes harm to the nylon 6.6.

  4. Organic solvent: It becomes soluble in formic acid, sulphuric acid and phenol.

  5. Protection ability against mildew: It does not affected by mildew.

  6. Protection ability against insects: It may affected by insects.

  7. Dyes: Direct dyes, Acid dyes, Vat dyes are suitable for dye the nylon 6.6.


Nylon 6.6 is very important for its application in our daily chores. Day by day the uses of nylon increases rapidly. It is important as polyester fiber. The manufacturing process of manmade fiber is near similar as nylon 6.6. I will write about the production process of nylon 6.6 in one of my next blog.

So, we should be careful about the properties of nylon 6.6.

Cellulose Acetate Rayon | Physical And Chemical Properties Of Cellulose Acetate Rayon

Cellulose Acetate Rayon fiber is produced by mixing various chemical complex with the cellulose. Cellulose acetate is softer than viscose rayon. It is noted that, acetate rayon is soft among all of the textile fiber. But it is smooth and suitable to produce hygienic fabric. Cellulose acetate rayon is a thermoplastic fiber. It is cheaper than other fiber. For this reason It is used with others fibers to produce yarn. The fabric which is produced by this fiber that is not so durable.

Physical Properties of Cellulose Acetate Rayon: Acetate rayon is a soft fiber and it has not enough elasticity as other manmade fiber. Anyhow, followings are the physical properties of cellulose acetate rayon.


  1. Tenacity: 0.9 – 1.4 gm/den

  2. Density: 1.32 gm/c.c

  3. Elongation at break: Very good

  4. Elasticity: Not so good

  5. Moisture Regain (MR%): 6.0%

  6. Resiliency: Not good

  7. Melting point: 2300C

  8. Ability to protest friction: Moderate

  9. Color: White or color less

  10. Light reflection ability: It can protect up to 2750F temperature.

  11. Lusture: light to bright


Chemical Properties of Cellulose Acetate Rayon: Various types of chemical properties of Cellulose Acetate Rayon fiber are given below:

  1. Acids: It becomes soluble when immerged in acetic acid solution. Strong acids are harmful for this fiber.

  2. Basic: Strong alkali damages the cellulose acetate fiber greatly. It also slightly damaged by weak alkalis.

  3. Effect of bleaching: It damaged by strong oxidizing agents. But it has enough protection ability against weak oxidizing and reducing agents.

  4. Organic solvent: It soluble in acetone. Dry cleaning agent does not affect the cellulose acetate rayon.

  5. Protection ability against mildew: Mildew does not damage the cellulose acetate rayon.

  6. Protection ability against insects: Insects do not cause harm to the cellulose acetate rayon.

  7. Dyes: Special types of dyes are required.


Although, cellulose acetate rayon is not popular as other manmade fiber but it has a great future if we want to reduce the price of the products.

So, try to use the cellulose acetate rayon with other fibers.

Viscose Rayon | Physical And Chemical Properties Of Viscose Rayon

Viscose Rayon is a re generated cellulosic fiber. It is a manmade fiber but it shows both the properties of natural fiber and synthetic fiber. It will be clear when you will read the following physical and chemical properties of viscose rayon. If we know the properties of the viscose rayon then it will be helpful to proceed the next process.

Physical Properties of Viscose Rayon: Like polyester or other manmade fiber, viscose rayon fiber consists of some important physical properties. Important physical properties of viscose rayon are given below.


  1. Tenacity: 2.4 – 3.2 gm/den

  2. Density: 1.64 – 1.54 gm/c.c

  3. Elongation at break: 13%

  4. Elasticity: Good

  5. Moisture Regain (MR%): 11 - 13%

  6. Melting point: This fiber becomes weak when it heated above 150oc.

  7. Ability to protest friction: Less

  8. Color: White

  9. Light reflection ability: Good but ultra violet ray damages the fiber.

  10. Lusture: light to bright


Chemical Properties of Viscose Rayon: Various types of chemical properties of viscose rayon fiber are given below:

  1. Acids: Viscose rayon is damaged by strong acids but it is moderate with weak acids.

  2. Basic: Good resistance to weak alkalis but strong alkali is harmful for viscose rayon.

  3. Effect of bleaching: Strong oxidizing agents damage the viscose rayon fiber.

  4. Organic solvent: Viscose rayon fiber has enough ability to protest the action of organic solvents.

  5. Protection ability against mildew: Not good and mildew damages the rayon fiber.

  6. Protection ability against insects: Viscose rayon is affected by insects and they cause harm to the fiber.

  7. Dyes: Viscose rayon could be dye with direct, vat and sulphur dyes.


So, that’s all about the physical and chemical properties of viscose rayon.

Chemical Composition Of Viscose Rayon | Spinning Bath Composition

Viscose Rayon is discovered by C.F. Cross and E.J. Bevan in 1891. It was discovered in UK. It is one of the oldest man made filament. We know that, viscose rayon is produced from the wood which contains cellulose for this reason it is called regenerated cellulosic fiber. It is produced by a spinning process.



The raw materials of the viscose rayon are prepared in the coagulated bath. Then the liquid solution is send to the spinneret through the spinning nozzle by high pressure. Spinneret contains about 12 to 90 hole which diameter is 0.5 to 0.1mm through which liquid is passed.

Spinning Bath Composition of Viscose Rayon: Following chemical solvents are contain in a spinning bath of viscose rayon.

H2SO4                : 10%


Na2SO4               : 18%


Glucose           : 02%


ZnSO4                : 01%


Water              : 69%


Above composition is calculated on 100%. Viscose rayon is one of the important manmade fibers. So, we should have bast knowledge about viscose rayon.

Process Flow Chart In Viscose Rayon Production | MMF Production

Viscose Rayon is a re-generated cellulosic fiber. It is a manmade fiber and it is re produced from the cellulose. Viscose Rayon is also called as artificial silk, wood silk, art silk and many more. Mainly viscose rayon is used as the alternatives of natural silk fiber. Day by day the demand of the viscose rayon is increases rapidly.



Although viscose rayon is a manmade fiber and it is produced by a spinning process. In this spinning process, pulp is the raw materials which is produced from the wood, seed hair, bast, leaf, grasses and bamboo which contain cellulose.

Process Flow Chart In Viscose Rayon Production: Viscose Rayon is produced from the materials which are produced naturally but it converted into viscose rayon by blending the natural materials with some chemical agents. Process sequence of Viscose Rayon is given below:

Raw Materials (Wood Pieces)


↓


Purification


↓


Conditioning to Produce Pulp


↓


Steeping in NaOH


↓


Pressing


↓


Shredding


↓


Aging


↓


Xanthation


↓


Dissolving


↓


Blending


↓


Ripening


↓


Filtration


↓


Deairation


↓


Spinning


↓


Neutralization


↓


Purification


↓


Finishing


↓


Winding


We know that, a chart can say the full process and it is the short form of explanation. This is the basic structure. I will write about the chemistry of viscose rayon production in one of my blog, I think that’s will help you to understand the full process.

Hemp Fiber | Physical And Chemical Properties Of Hemp Fiber

Hemp is a bast fiber plant like jute, kenaf, flax and ramie. Hemp fibers are cellulosic fibers. Hemp fibers are one of the strongest and most durable among all of the natural textile fibers. Hemp fiber shows similar properties like all of the natural bast fiber and excels in fiber length, durability, strength, absorbency, ant mildew and anti-microbial properties. Various types of decorative textile products are produced by processing this fiber. It also use for blend with other fibers and gives extra strength to the fiber.

Like all of the natural bast fiber, hemp fiber has some characteristics. Followings are the main physical and chemical properties of hemp fiber.

Physical Properties of Hemp: Physical properties of hemp fibers are given below:


  1. Color: The color of hemp fiber is yellowish grey to deep brown.

  2. Length: 4 to 6.5% feet.

  3. Tensile Strength: Hemp is a very strong fiber.

  4. Elongation at break: Hemp fibers stress easily.

  5. Elastic Recovery: Elastic recovery is very poor. It is less than linen fiber.

  6. Moisture Regain (MR %): Standard moisture regain is 12%. It is more than cotton and linen.

  7. Effect of Heat: Hemp fiber has an excellent resistance to degradation by heat.

  8. Effect of Sun Light: It has enough ability to prevent the bad affect of sun light.

  9. Luster: Highly bright like linen fiber.


Chemical Properties of Hemp fiber: Hemp is a natural bast fiber and it has some chemical properties. Chemical properties of the hemp fiber are given below:

  1. Effect of Acids: Hemp is attacked by hot dilute acids or cold concentrated acids which it disintegrates. Hemp fiber is destructed like cotton fiber in the action of acid.

  2. Effects of Alkalis: Hemp fiber has an excellent resistance to alkalis.

  3. Effect of Organic Solvent: It does not affected by the organic solvents.

  4. Effects of Insects: Hemp fiber is not attacked by moth-grubs or beetles.

  5. Effect of Micro Organism: Hemp fiber is attacked by fungi and bacteria. Mildews will feed on hemp fabric, rotting and weakling the materials. Mildews and bacteria will flourish on hemp under hot and humid condition. They can be protected by impregnation with certain types of chemicals. Copper Nepthenate is one of the chemical.

  6. Ability to Dye: It is not suitable to dye the hemp fiber.


Hemp is a strong fiber for this reason the product which is produced from the hemp that is also strong.